ABSTRACT
Background: Data comparing tapentadol with an antidepressant is limited. A comparison of tapentadol with mirtazapine at different dose has not been performed, the other antidepressant in the same therapeutic class with a significant market share, has been undertaken. In the absence of relevant data to assess the place that tapentadol should occupy in the therapeutic arsenal, indirect comparisons are the most rigorous way to go. We conducted a study evaluate antidepressant and analgesic activity of tapentadol with mirtazapine at different doses in Swiss albino mice. Methods: Tapentadol was administered at 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg (i.p) once daily for 14 days to swiss albino mice of either sex. The immobility period for antidepressant activity of mice were recorded in forced swim test and reaction time for analgesic activity of mice were recorded in tail flick test of the control and drug treated group. The antidepressant and analgesic activity of tapentadol (10, 20, 40 mg/kg i.p) was compared with that of mirtazapine (3, 5, 7 mg/kg i.p), administered for 14 days. Results: Tapentadol produced better antidepressant at (20, 40 mg/kg), but less at 10 mg/kg and significant analgesic activity at all the three doses, as indicated by reduction in immobility times and increase in reaction time as compared to control. Mirtazapine produced no antinociceptive activity at 3 mg/kg, but significant at 5, 7 mg/kg and showed better antidepressant activity at all the three doses in mice. The result of this study indicates the better analgesic activity of tapentadol at all the doses and least antidepressant activity at 10 mg/kg, as compared to mirtazapine which has shown better antidepressant activity at all the three doses but no analgesic activity at 3 mg/kg. Conclusion: It can be concluded that tapentadol is a better drug in case of depression associated with pain compared to mirtazapine in mice.
ABSTRACT
Cefuroxime axetil is a semi synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic, which is prescribed for different types of infections such as lung, ear, throat, urinary tract, and skin. This is the drug of choice in the treatment and prevention of streptococcal infections. In this case, the patient was prescribed cefuroxime axetil, diclofenac, and paracetamol for pharyngitis. The patient developed glossitis 3 hrs after ingestion of above drugs which improved after withdrawing the offending drug. Glossitis is an uncommon, but serious adverse drug effect of cefuroxime axetil. It is important to recognize and manage it to prevent fatality. The case has been reported to the Pharmacovigilance Center Uttar Pradesh Rural Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Saifai, Etawah.
ABSTRACT
Child abuse is the physical or psychological maltreatment of a child, can be differentiated into four major categories, physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and worst of all; the sexual abuse. Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) is a kind of physical or mental violation of a child with sexual intent, usually by a person who is in a position of trust or power vis-à-vis the child. India is the second largest child population in the world, 42% of India’s total population is below eighteen years. In a shocking revelation, a Government commissioned survey has found that more than 53% of Indian children are subjected to sexual abuse / assault. Majority of these cases were perpetrated by someone known to the child or in a position of trust and responsibility, Not surprisingly, most children did not report the abuse to anyone. There is not a single law aimed at safeguarding children and protecting them against sexual abuse & assault, which is a serious lacuna against this background and is needed urgently. This paper will focus on child sexual abuse, the laws, legal loopholes, and The Protection of Children against Sexual Offences Bill, 2011.